Assessment of Irrigation Water Quality Parameters at UPSTREAM and DOWNSTREAM of Kanhan River: A Case Study

Water is fundamental constituent for food security, harvest and cattle. Farming requires huge amount of water with designated quality for irrigation and different production processes. Harvest and its production in the arid and semi-arid area is dependent on irrigated agriculture. The hot and dry weather of these areas needs that the water used for harvest does not have soluble salts in high amounts that are detrimental effect to the plants or have an adverse consequence on the soil properties. The Kanhan River is non-perennial, intermittent river and important right bank tributary of the wainganga river originates from the high lands of Chindawara District of Madhya Pradesh and flows in south east course for about 160 kms before it enters in the Maharashtra state near Raiwari village in Saoner Taluka of Nagpur District. The Kanhan River water is the most important water resource for industrial and agricultural purposes in Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra. Central Water Commission is monitoring water quality in Kanhan River for the more than 25 years. In the present study various parameters such as pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Sodium percentage (Na %), Boron(B), Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), Residual sodium carbonate (RSC) Total Coliform(Tcol) and Faecal Coliform (Fcol) were studied to monitor the Water Quality status of Kanhan River for irrigation purpose. For this, the data of two Water Quality Monitoring Station namely Ramakona (upstream) and Satrapur (downstream) of recent five water years from 2014-15 to 2018-19 data has been used assessment of water quality. The analysis results show observed significant changes in pH (6.3 to 8.7 ), EC (181 to 1040), Na % ( 4% to 51% ) , B ( 0.04 to 3.59 mg/L), SAR (0.1 to 2.9 ), RSC( 0.0 to 2.20 ),Tcol( 20 to 16000 MPN/100ml) and Fcol (20 to 16000 MPN/100 ml). The obtained data from both the monitoring location is compared with different well known national and international irrigation water Quality standards. It is observed that 90.1 % samples value of EC is suitable for soil of moderate drainage, 6.93 % samples value of percent sodium is permissible class, 4.95 % samples value of Boron is doubtful class, 3.96 % samples value of RSC is marginal class and 15 % samples of Faecal Coliform above the standard limit of World Health Organization. The various Physical (Photo- catalysis treatment, Thermal treatment, UV treatment) techniques and Chemical (Ozone treatment, Hydrogen peroxide treatment, Sodium hypochlorite treatment, Chlorine dioxide treatment) techniques are used to improve the Water Quality of Irrigation Water. In addition to that various management techniques are also used such as More frequent irrigation, Selection of salt tolerant crops and varieties, Use of extra water for leaching, Conjunctive use of fresh and saline waters, Cultural practices, in addition of an alternate source of water, crops production with low water requirements and Organic matter applications. By utilizing phytoremediation technology to get treated water for reuse for irrigation. The phytoremediation established a safe and economic technology for water treatment compared to the expensive conventional techniques

EPASAD: Ellipsoid decision boundary based Process-Aware Stealthy Attack Detector

Due to the importance of Critical Infrastructure (CI) in a nation's economy, they have been lucrative targets for cyber attackers. These critical infrastructures are usually Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) such as power grids, water, and sewage treatment facilities, oil and gas pipelines, etc. In recent times, these systems have suffered from cyber attacks numerous times. Researchers have been developing cyber security solutions for CIs to avoid lasting damages. According to standard frameworks, cyber security based on identification, protection, detection, response, and recovery are at the core of these research. Detection of an ongoing attack that escapes standard protection such as firewall, anti-virus, and host/network intrusion detection has gained importance as such attacks eventually affect the physical dynamics of the system. Therefore, anomaly detection in physical dynamics proves an effective means to implement defense-in-depth. PASAD is one example of anomaly detection in the sensor/actuator data, representing such systems' physical dynamics. We present EPASAD, which improves the detection technique used in PASAD to detect these micro-stealthy attacks, as our experiments show that PASAD's spherical boundary-based detection fails to detect. Our method EPASAD overcomes this by using Ellipsoid boundaries, thereby tightening the boundaries in various dimensions, whereas a spherical boundary treats all dimensions equally. We validate EPASAD using the dataset produced by the TE-process simulator and the C-town datasets. The results show that EPASAD improves PASAD's average recall by 5.8% and 9.5% for the two datasets, respectively.Comment: Submitte

Liquid Clocks - Refinement Types for Time-Dependent Stream Functions

The concept of liquid clocks introduced in this paper is a significant step towards a more precise compile-time framework for the analysis of synchronous and polychromous languages. Compiling languages such as Lustre or SIGNAL indeed involves a number of static analyses of programs before they can be synthesized into executable code, e.g., synchronicity class characterization, clock assignment, static scheduling or causality analysis. These analyses are often equivalent to undecidable problems, necessitating abstracting such programs to provide sound yet incomplete analyses. Such abstractions unfortunately often lead to the rejection of programs that could very well be synthesized into deterministic code, provided abstraction refinement steps could be applied for more accurate analysis. To reduce the false negatives occurring during the compilation process, we leverage recent advances in type theory -- with the definition of decidable classes of value-dependent type systems -- and formal verification, linked to the development of efficient SAT/SMT solvers, to provide a type-theoretic approach that considers all the above analyses as type inference problems. In order to simplify the exposition of our new approach in this paper, we define a refinement type system for a minimalistic, synchronous, stream-processing language to concisely represent, analyse, and verify logical and quantitative properties of programs expressed as stream-processing data-flow networks. Our type system provides a new framework to represent logical time (clocks) and scheduling properties, and to describe their relations with stream values and, possibly, other quantas. We show how to analyze synchronous stream processing programs (à la Lustre, Signal) to enable previously described analyzes involved in compiling such programs. We also prove the soundness of our type system and elaborate on the adaptability of this core framework by outlining its extensibility to specific models of computations and other quantas

Response of Normal Cells Following Multiple Radiation Exposure under Radiotherapy Setting

Radiotherapy is an established approach for killing of tumour cells. During the process, most of the normal cells also get affected due to direct exposure or by bystander effects. To measure the damage pattern in healthy cells, a pilot study was designed under radiotherapy settings. Right leg region of Strain ‘A’ male mice was locally exposed to Cobalt60 gamma radiation with a dose of 2 Gy/ day for 5 consecutive days. After completion of each fraction, blood haematology and γH2AX studies were performed at 1 h time point in blood and bone marrow cells. Chromosomal aberration study in bone marrow was carried out at 24 h post irradiation of each fraction for evaluation of DNA damage. γH2AX and chromosomal aberration were found significantly (p<0.001) increased with each consecutive dose upto 4th fractions. Blood hematology showed a linear reduction in total WBC counts which included the reduction in lymphocytes and increased granulocytes with each passing dose up to 4th fraction. However, non significant damage (p>0.05) for all parameters have been observed for 4th and 5th split doses. The study indicated that repeated exposure leads to damage fixation in normal cells, possibly indicating a state of adaptation

Study internal fixation of subtrochanteric fracture of femur with dynamic hip screw, dynamic condylar screw and proximal femoral nail-a retro-prospective study

Background: Sub trochanteric fracture is commonly seen in young adult and middle age man by high velocity trauma. Present study was taken up to study fracture fixation by PFN, DHS and DCS and compare their result in view of union rate, complication, functional out come, operative risk and effectiveness of implant. This study helps to decide appropriate implant for sub trochanteric fracture. In literature comparison of these PFN, DHS, DCS commonly used implants are rare and most of the studies are done in western population by using one or two implants.Methods: Study is done clinically, in a retro to prospective manner by comparing 75 (50 cases retro and 25 cases prospectively) cases of either sex above the age of 18years from May 2010 to May 2014. All fractures are classified by Seinsheimer classification system. Fracture is fixed with DHS, PFN or DCS in 25 cases each.Results: Males with an average age group 21-40-year were commonly affected with right femur fracture due to high velocity RTA. Fracture pattern was commonly type IIC as per seinsheimer classification. Mean union rate and clinical outcome for PFN is high.Conclusions: PFN attempts to combine advantage of a sliding hip screw with those of intramedullary fixation devices. Cases treated with PFN nail have shown easier rehabilitation, less blood loos, less surgical trauma, early mobilization, early rate of fracture union when compared to those cases treated with DHS and DCS barrel plate as per observation of our study. With our study PFN has given us encouraging results over conventional DHS and DCS. Hence, we recommend PFN as better implant for fixation of sub-trochanteric fracture

CO2 emission based GDP prediction using intuitionistic fuzzy transfer learning

The industrialization has been the primary cause of the economic boom in almost all countries. However, this happened at the cost of the environment, as industrialization also caused carbon emissions to increase exponentially. According to the established literature, Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is related to carbon emissions (CO2) which could be optimally employed to precisely estimate a country's GDP. However, the scarcity of data is a significant bottleneck that could be handled using transfer learning (TL) which uses previously learned information to resolve new tasks, more specifically, related tasks. Notably, TL is highly vulnerable to performance degradation due to the deficiency of suitable information and hesitancy in decision-making. Therefore, this paper proposes ‘Intuitionistic Fuzzy Transfer Learning (IFTL)’, which is trained to use CO2 emission data of developed nations and is tested for its prediction of GDP in a developing nation. IFTL exploits the concepts of intuitionistic fuzzy sets (IFSs) and a newly introduced function called the modified Hausdorff distance function. The proposed IFTL is investigated to demonstrate its actual capabilities for TL in modeling hesitancy. To further emphasize the role of hesitancy modelled with IFSs, we propose an ordinary fuzzy set (FS) based transfer learning. The prediction accuracy of the IFTL is further compared with widely used machine learning approaches, extreme learning machines, support vector regression, and generalized regression neural networks. It is observed that IFTL capably ensured significant improvements in the prediction accuracy over other existing approaches whenever training and testing data have huge data distribution differences. Moreover, the proposed IFTL is deterministic in nature and presents a novel way for mathematically computing the intuitionistic hesitation degree.© 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).fi=vertaisarvioitu|en=peerReviewed